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Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of types of inflammatory bowel disease with high recurrence. Recent studies have highlighted that microbial dysbiosis as well as abnormal gut immunity are crucial factors that initiate a series of inflammatory responses in the UC. Modulating the gut microbiota-intestinal immunity loop has been suggested as one of key strategies for relieving UC. Many Chinese herbal medicines including some of single herb, herbal formulas and the derived constituents have been reported with protective effect against UC through modulating gut microbiome and intestinal immunity. Some clinical trials have shown promising results. This review thus focused on the current knowledge on using Chinese herbal medicines for treating UC from the mechanism aspects of regulating intestinal homeostasis involving microbiota and gut immunity. The existing clinical trials are also summarized.
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ObjectiveTo explore the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of Banxia Xiexintang and its disassembled prescriptions in regulating the flora disorder induced by mixed antibiotics in young rats. MethodSeventy male BALB/C young rats were randomly assigned into 7 groups： blank group， model group， Bifidobacterium tetralogy viable tablets （0.68 g·kg-1） group， Banxia Xiexintang （9.1 g·kg-1） group， Xinkai （3.19 g·kg-1） group， Kujiang （1.82 g·kg-1） group， and Ganbu （4.1 g·kg-1） group， with 10 rats in each group. Except the blank group， the other groups were given mixed antibiotics by gavage to induce intestinal flora disorder. After 14 days， the rats in different drug groups were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank group and model group with the same amount of normal saline once a day for 14 days. After that， fecal samples were collected aseptically for 16S rDNA sequencing of intestinal flora， and lipopolysaccharide （LPS， 10 mg·kg-1） was injected intraperitoneally to induce inflammatory reaction. The tissue morphology of colonic mucosa was observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the macrophage infiltration of colonic mucosa was observed via toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry. The expression of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and interleukin-10 （IL-10） mRNA were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultCompared with the blank group， the modeling changed the intestinal flora structure of the young rats （P<0.01）， damaged the colonic mucosa， reduced the macrophage infiltration， and down-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-1β， IL-6， IL-8， TNF-α， and IL-10 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets， Banxia Xiexintang and its disassembled prescriptions increased the diversity of intestinal flora and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes （P<0.01）. At the same time， they ameliorated colonic mucosal injury （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased macrophage infiltration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and up-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α （P<0.01）. The mRNA level of IL-1β was up-regulated in Bifidobacterium tetralogy viable tablets， Banxia Xiexintang， Kujiang， and Ganbu groups （P<0.01）， and that of IL-10 was up-regulated in Bifidobacterium tetralogy viable tablets， Banxia Xiexintang， Xinkai， and Ganbu groups （P<0.01）. ConclusionBanxia Xiexintang and the disassembled prescriptions can adjust the intestinal flora of young rats exposed to antibiotics and protect the immune barrier of colonic mucosa after intestinal flora disorder. In particularly， the whole prescription of Banxia Xiexintang demonstrates the best performance.
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Background: C-type lectin domain family 4 member D (CLEC4D) can induce Th17 cell differentiation and regulate IL-17A expression in systemic fungal infection, and whether CLEC4D plays a role in intestinal immunity has not been reported at home and abroad. Aims: To investigate the expressions and clinical significance of CLEC4D and CARD9 in colon tissue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: A total of 48 IBD patients from October 2016 to June 2018 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were enrolled, including 36 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 12 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). And 30 adjacent normal colon tissues in patients with colon cancer were served as controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of CLEC4D and CARD9 in colon tissue. And their correlations with clinical characteristics were analyzed. Results: The expressions of CLEC4D and CARD9 in UC group and CD group were significantly higher than those in control group (P0.05). The expressions of CLEC4D and CARD9 in UC group were positively correlated with Mayo score and Baron grade (P0.05). The expressions of CLEC4D and CARD9 in IBD patients were positively correlated with CRP (P0.05). Conclusions: The expressions of CLEC4D and CARD9 are elevated in patients with IBD and are closely related to patients' condition. CLEC4D may participate in the intestinal immunity of IBD through the CARD9-related pathway.
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Intestinal?barrier?act?as?the?crucial?defender?against?pathogen?invasion,?and?is?indispensable?in?maintaining?tissue?homeostasis?both?locally?and?systemically.?Severe?disease?can?lead?to?impaired?intestinal?barrier.?In?addition?to?cause?a?variety?of?gastrointestinal?diseases,?intestinal?barrier?damage?can?also?worsen?the?disease?progression?in?critically?ill?patients.?Innate?lymphoid?cells?(ILCs)?is?a?group?of?newly?defined?innate?immune?cells?which?have?some?characteristics?as?adaptive?immune?cells.?Group?3?innate?lymphoid?cells?(ILC3),?which?mainly?reside?at?gut?associate?mucosal?tissue,?have?been?reported?to?play?a?critical?role?in?maintaining?intestinal?barrier?function.?After?a?brief?introduction?about?its?origination?and?classification,?we?will?focus?on?function?of?ILC3?physiologically?and?pathologically,?and?provide?a?new?theoretical?basis?for?maintaining?intestinal?barrier?function?under?pathological?conditions?in??this?review.
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Introducción: la microbiota intestinal participa en eventos de homeostasis e inmunidad intestinal de trascendencia para la salud humana. Sus interacciones con el ecosistema intestinal, participación en distintas enfermedades, y el valor de los probióticos y prebióticos son revisados. Objetivo: evaluar los conocimientos de la literatura médica en las últimas décadas sobre los principales aspectos de la microbiota intestinal, su relación con la inmunidad, y beneficios de probióticos y prebióticos como terapia en distintas afecciones intestinales y extraintestinales. Métodos: se realiza búsqueda en bases de datos de PubMed, Scielo, Redalycs, Latindex de publicaciones acerca de microbiota intestinal, revisiones sistemáticas de probióticos y libros afines. Desarrollo: se revisan las características de los procesos de colonización, desarrollo, funciones y composición de la microbiota intestinal, su inmunidad y relación con el hígado. Se actualizan los principios de la terapia con probióticos y prebióticos, y sus distintas indicaciones en enfermedades digestivas. Conclusiones finales: se evidencia el papel del microbioma intestinal y su relación con el ecosistema intestinal, los mecanismos participantes y el consiguiente desarrollo de su inmunidad, resaltando el rol de la lactancia materna para un adecuado proceso de implantación de la microbiota. Se analiza el uso de probióticos y prebióticos, y su eficacia en distintas enfermedades digestivas(AU)
Introduction: the intestinal microbiota is involved in homeostasis and intestinal immunity events which are crucial to human health. An overview is provided of its interactions with the intestinal ecosystem, its participation in various conditions, and the value of probiotics and prebiotics. Objective: evaluate the information contained in the medical literature published in the past decades about the main features of the intestinal microbiota, its relationship to immunity, and the beneficial therapeutic action of probiotics and prebiotics in various intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Methods: a search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc and Latindex for publications about the intestinal microbiota, systematic reviews about probiotics, and related books. Results: examination was carried out of the characteristics of colonization processes, development, functions and composition of the intestinal microbiota, as well as its immunity and relationship to the liver. Updating was also performed about the principles underlying the therapy with probiotics and prebiotics, and their various indications for digestive diseases. Final conclusions: a description is provided of the role of the intestinal microbiota and its relationship to the intestinal ecosystem, the mechanisms involved and the consequent development of its immunity, pointing out the role of breastfeeding for an adequate process of implantation of the microbiota. An analysis is made of the use of probiotics and prebiotics, and their efficacy for various digestive diseases(AU)
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Humans , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , Prebiotics , Probiotics/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Objective To study the role of serine protease encoding gene prtP carried by Lactoba-cillus paracasei (Lp) in regulating mouse intestinal immunity. Methods Female BALB/c mice were ran-domly divided into seven groups and respectively administered with PBS, medium (5×108CFU/ml) and high dose (1×109CFU/ml) of Lp, Lp△prtP and ReLp△prtP for 21 consecutive days by intragastric ga-vage. Parameters including immune organ index, splenic lymphocyte transformation rate, energy metabolism in celiac macrophages, phagocytic ability of celiac macrophages and cytokines were detected. Quantitative changes in CD11c+CD80+cells in culture supernatants of splenic mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Compared with Lp△prtP, Lp could significantly promote the natural transformation of splenic lymphocytes, increase the level of energy metabolism in celiac macrophages, enhance the phagocytic ability of celiac macrophages, and up-regulate the expression of IFN-α, IL-10 and IFN-γ and the percentage of CD11c+CD80+cells. Conclusion Serine protease encoding gene prtP in Lp can regulate the mucosal im-mune system in mice.
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Dendrobii Caulis was traditionally used for promoting middle energizer, strengthening enterogastric function to light body weight, and prolonging life according to Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica and many other previous ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine. The stomach and intestine tonic effect is still approved in modern society and broadly applied in clinic, whose efficacy has been featured as replenishing yin for maintaining gastric tonicity, enhancing the production of body fluid, and clearing away heat in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. This review firstly made a summary of ancient literature on strengthening enterogastric function of Dendrobii Caulis, combined with literature of modern pharmacological research and clinical application from literature search system, such as CNKI, etc. It was summarized that Dendrobii Caulis had broad bioactivities in enterogastric system including gastric mucosa protection, digest-promotion, intestinal flora modulation, intestinal immunity regulation, stimulation of digestive juice secretion, etc. Furthermore, present situation of product development was analyzed based on patent and health product search system. This review could provide a reference for further development and clinical application of Dendrobii Caulis.
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It is known that genetic risk factors and mucosal immunity play vary important role in the pathogenesis of IgA ne-phropathy ( IgAN) .Recent years, new susceptibility loci of IgAN and relationships among genetic risk factors and each field of IgAN, which includes onset, clinical manifestation, histopathology, response to treatment and prognosis, have been found.Meanwhile, a re-surgence of interest has addressed the role of intestinal immunity facing dietary components, like gluten or the complex intestinal flora, the microbiota.A defective immune tolerance might favor an abnormal response to microbiota with alterations of the intestinal barrier, including increased alimentary antigens and bacterial toxins absorption, triggering mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT) activa-tion and subclinical intestinal inflammation.The genetic pathogenesis and the new hypothesis for a strong intestine-kidney connection in IgAN are tempting, because they offer new treatment options, such as targeted to subclinical intestinal inflammation or microbiota modi-fications, and favor for further exploring new targets of IgAN intervention.
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The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and tractable genetic model organism for exploring molecular mechanisms of human diseases in biological science. The considerable work of Drosophila has promoted the comprehension of relative protein expressions and signaling pathways associated with pathological and physiological activities. Meanwhile, various strains of transgenic drosophila with diverse genetic features have been established. These fly strains can be applied into bioactivity evaluation and drug screen as an emerging human disease model. The development of Chinese medicine has been seriously restricted by lacking of techniques and methods in activity evaluation. D. melanogaster, because of its many distinguishing features, such as rapid reproduction, short life cycle, rich strains, entirety action, highly correlated with human and other characteristics, has become a desirable choice to study Chinese medicine which has complicated composition. Here, progress of researches based on flies in disease models and their application in drug evaluating were reviewed, including aging, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and diabetes, sleep disorder, intestinal immunity, reproduction, cancer and cardiac function.
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Human intestinal microbial flora has complex interaction with intestinal mucosal immune system,which maintains intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease( IBD)is a chronic and nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disease,the etiology and pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been fully clarified. Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota is an important factor in the pathogenesis of IBD,and modulation of intestinal microbiota can be one of the measures for treatment of IBD. This article reviewed the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in IBD.
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Objective To observe the change of regulatory T cells expression in severely burned rats gut ,To investigate the effects of regulatory T cells on CD3+CD4+ /CD3+CD8+lymphocytes and its relation with gut-origin endotoxin translocation .Meth-ods Fifty SD male rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=10)and burn model groups(n=40) .Rats were burned to achieve Ⅲ degree scalding ,and a 30% total body surface area(TBSA) burn model was made .Rats were sacrificed before(normal control group) and after 0 .5 ,1 ,2 ,4 burn hour(PBH groups) .Flow cytometry techniques were used for the detection of the expres-sions of regulatory T cells and CD3+CD4+ /CD3+CD8+ lymphocyte in intestinal lymph nodes which were separated .The dynamic turbidity method was used for detection of endotoxin levels in portal vein blood .Results The expression of regulatory T cells was negativelycorrelatedwithCD3+CD4+ /CD3+CD8+ lymphocyteratio(r= -0.827,P<0.01)inintestinallymphnodeofrats,while the regulatory T cells was positively correlated with ET levels in portal vein blood plasma .(r=0 .782 ,P<0 .01) .Conclusion The expression of the regulatory T cells in intestinal lymph node in severely burned rats was increased compared to that in normal con-trol group .Regulatory T cells suppressed the expression of intestinal T lymphocytes ,leading to gut immune inhibition .The translo-cation of intestinal endotoxin has a close relationship with regulatory T cells in severely burned rats .Regulatory T cells could have portal effects on intestinal immunity barrier .
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Objective: To study the effect of Rhodiola rosea extracts on intestinal immune function of Drosophila melanogaster. Methods: D. melanogaster was treated by SDS and fungal biological solution with or without R. rosea extracts, and the effect of R. rosea extracts on the survival rate of D. melanogaster, intestinal epithelium cell death, relative contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intestinal epithelium cells, and intestinal morphology changes were analyzed. Results: R. rosea extracts could significantly improve the survival rate of SDS and fungus (Beauveria bassiana)-infected D. melanogaster (P < 0.05), reduce the intestinal epithelial cell death and the level of intestinal ROS levels, and protect and maintain the intestinal morphology. Conclusion: R. rosea extracts could significantly improve the intestinal immune function of D. melanogaster with the amelioration and protection of intestinal immunologic function injury induced by fungi and SDS.
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Dietary factors and the associated lifestyle play a major role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Several diets, especially a Western lifestyle with a high consumption of meat and carbohydrates and a low consumption of vegetables, have been linked to common diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colon cancer. The gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and yet mainly molecularly defined microbiota, which contains an enormous number of different species. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have allowed the characterization of the human microbiome and opened the possibility to study the effect of "environmental" factors on this microbiome. The most important environmental factor is probably "what we eat," and the initial studies have revealed fascinating results on the interaction of nutrients with our microbiota. Whereas short-term changes in dietary patterns may not have major influences, long-term diets can affect the microbiota in a substantial manner. This issue may potentially have major relevance for human gastrointestinal health and disease because our microbiota has features to regulate many immune and metabolic functions. Increasing our knowledge on the interaction between nutrients and microbiota may have tremendous consequences and result in a better understanding of diseases, even beyond the gastrointestinal tract, and finally lead to better preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Atherosclerosis , Carbohydrates , Colonic Neoplasms , Diet , Fibrinogen , Gastrointestinal Tract , Inflammation , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Life Style , Meat , Metagenome , VegetablesABSTRACT
Se da el nombre de tolerancia oral al estado de respuesta inmune sistemica disminuida a antigenos, administrados por via oral. Si bien el fenomeno fue descrito anecdoticamente desde hace muchso anos, sus mecanismos y posibles aplicaciones todavia son materia de especulacion. Entre sus caracteristicas notables se destacan la especificidad y la timodependencia. La tolerancia se manifiesta por ausencia de anticuerpos sistemicos, de hipersensibilidad de tipo retardado y de respuestas proliferativas al antigeno especifico. Los posibles mecanismos responsables de la tolerancia oral se han agrupado en tres tipos: inmunologicos, gastrointestinales e individuales. En cuanto a los inmunologicos, el mas importante podria ser la existencia de las celulas contrasupresoras, pero los mecanismos intimos de funcionaiento de estas no estan completamente elaborados. El estudio del fenomeno de la toleracia oral abre un amplio campo de invetigacion con implicaciones sobre la inmunoprofilaxis y la inmonoterapia de diferentes entidades nosologicas
The phenomenon of decreased systemic Immune response to orally administered antigens is known as oral tolerance (OT). Though It was anecdotically described many years ago, the mechanisms and potential applications of OT are still mostly speculative. Specificity and thymus-dependence are among its most remarkable features. OT is manifested by the absence of systemic antibodies, of delayed type hypersensitivity and of proliferate responses toward the specific antigen. Potential mechanisms of OT have been grouped in three types, namely: Immunologic, gastrointestinal and individual. The most Important of the immunologic mechanisms might be the existence of counter-suppressive cells but their intimate functioning has not been thoroughly elucidated. The study of OT opens a wide research field with Implications for the immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy of many diseases